Google Scholar (GS) is a free academic search engine that can exist idea of as the academic version of Google. Rather than searching all of the indexed information on the web, it searches repositories of publishers, universities or scholarly websites.
This is generally a smaller subset of the pool that Google searches. It'due south all done automatically, but nevertheless most of the results of a search tend to be reliable scholarly sources. However, Google is likewise less careful in what it includes in search results than are more curated subscription based, academic databases such as Scopus and Web of Scientific discipline, and then it is worth making your ain assessment of the credibility of the resources linked through Google Scholar.
Welcome screen of Google Scholar: If you are logged in with your Google Scholar profile you get to see a list of recommended manufactures.
Why is it better than "normal" Google for finding research papers?
Nosotros all use Google for our daily net searches, then why should we switch to Google Scholar?
One advantage of using Google Scholar is that the interface is comforting and familiar to anyone who uses Google. This lowers the learning curve of finding scholarly information. There are a number of useful differences from a regular Google search, such as
the pick to copy a formatted commendation in different styles including MLA and APA
export bibliographic data (BibTeX, RIS) to use with reference direction software
links that permit y'all explore which other works accept cited the listed work
links that let you hands notice full text versions of the commodity
Although it is gratuitous to search in Google Scholar, most of the content is not freely available, but Google does its best to find copies of restricted articles in public repositories which ofttimes contain earlier drafts (preprints). If you are at an bookish or research institution, you can too set up a library connection to highlight items which are available through your establishment's subscriptions.
The Google Scholar search results page
Since searching in Google Scholar is as straightforward as searching in Google, it's best to jump right in and give it a endeavour.
Google Scholar search results using the keywords "machine" and "learning"
The search result page is, however, different and it is worth beingness familiar with the different pieces of information that are shown. Let's have a wait at the results for the search term "machine learning".
The offset two lines: core bibliographic information
The first two lines of a Google Scholar search results entry show the cadre bibliographic data: Title, authors, journal name, year of publication
The outset two lines of each upshot provide the title of the document (e.g. of an article, volume, chapter, or report). The second line provides the bibliographic information about the document, in guild: the author(s), the periodical or volume it appears in, the year of publication, and the publisher. Clicking on the title link will bring yous to the publisher's page where you may be able to access more information about the document including the abstract, and options to download the PDF of the document.
Quick full text-access options
For some entries Google Scholar provides a link to the full text (either PDF or HTML).
To the far right of the entry are more direct options for obtaining the full text of the document. In this example, Google has also located a publicly available PDF of the document hosted at umich.edu. Note, that it's not guaranteed that it is the version of the article that was finally published in the journal.
The bottom line: "Cited by" count and other useful links
Boosted action likes to retrieve formatted citations in popular formats such equally APA, MLA, and Chicago, and to assess cited by and related articles.
Below the text snippet/abstract yous tin can find a number of useful links. The beginning of these is the Cited by link will show other articles that have cited this resource. That is a super useful characteristic that can help y'all in many means. First, it is a good way to rails the more recent enquiry that has referenced this article, and 2nd the fact that other researches cited this document lends greater credibility to information technology. But be aware that there is a lag in publication type. Therefore, an article published in 2017 will not have an all-encompassing number of cited by results. It takes a minimum of 6 months for most articles to get published, so even if an commodity was using the source, the more recent article has not been published nevertheless.
The Versions link will display other versions of the article or other databases where the article may exist found, some of which may offer free access to the article.
Clicking on the quotation mark icon will display a popup with commonly used citation formats such as MLA, APA, Chicago, Harvard, and Vancouver that may be re-create and pasted. Note, however, that the Google Scholar citation data is sometimes incomplete and so it is often a skillful idea to bank check this data at the source - i.e. past following the championship link to the publishers' website. The "cite" popup also includes links for exporting the citation information equally BibTeX or RIS files that any major reference director tin import.
Google Scholar allows to retrieve formatted citations in popular formats such as APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard and Vancouver.
Pro tips for your literature search
Although Google Scholar limits each search to a maximum of 1,000 results, it's still likewise much to explore, and you lot demand an effective way of locating the relevant articles. We have put together a list of pro tips that will aid you relieve time and search more finer:
Google Scholar searches are not case sensitive. That ways a search for "Automobile Learning" will produce the same results equally a search for "automobile learning".
Use keywords instead of full sentences. Permit's say your research topic is about self driving cars. For a regular Google search we might enter something like "what is the current land of the technology used for self driving cars". In Google Scholar you will see less than platonic results for this query. The fob is to build a list of keywords and perform searches for them like self-driving cars, autonomous vehicles, or driverless cars. Google Scholar will help you on that: if you start typing in the search field you will see related queries suggested by Scholar!
Use quotes to search for an exact lucifer. If yous put your search phrase into quotes y'all can search for exact matches of that phrase in the title and the body text of the document. Without quotes, Google Scholar will treat each word separately. This means that if you search national parks, the words will not necessarily appear together. Grouped words and exact phrases should be enclosed in quotation marks.
Add together the yr to the search phrase to get manufactures published in a particular year. A search using e.g. self-driving cars 2015, will return articles or books published in 2015.
Apply the side bar controls to conform your search result. Using the options in the left hand panel you can further restrict the search results past limiting the years covered past the search, the inclusion or exclude of patents, and you can sort the results by relevance or by date.
Utilize Boolean operator to better control your searches. Searches are not instance sensitive, still, there are a number of Boolean operators you tin can employ to control the search and these must be capitalized.
AND requires both of the words or phrases on either side to be somewhere in the record.
NOT can exist placed in front of a word or phrases to exclude results which include them.
OR will give equal weight to results which match just one of the words or phrases on either side.
In example you got overwhelmed by those many options, we take put together some illustrative examples below:
Example queries
When to use and what will it do?
"alternative medicine"
Multiword concepts like culling medicine are best searched every bit an exact phrase match. Otherwise Google Scholar will display results that comprise alternative and/or medicine.
"The wisdom of the hive: the social physiology of honey bee colonies"
If you are looking for a particular article and you know the title information technology is all-time to put it into quotes to look for an exact match.
author:"Jane Goodall"
A query for a particular author, eastward.g. Jane Goodall. Likewise "J Goodall" or "Goodall" will piece of work, but will be less restrictive.
"self-driving cars" AND "autonomous vehicles"
But results will be show that contain both the phrases "cocky-driving cars" and "autonomous vehicles"
dinosaur 2014
Limits search results about dinosaurs to aticles that were publsihed in 2014
The advanced search interface
Y'all can proceeds even more than fine-grained command over your search by using the advanced search feature.
If y'all are in the exploration stage of information seeking, and then advanced search could prematurely limit the information you are seeing, but if you are familiar with the results that are returned, then advanced search tools can give you additional controls over the search to help yous narrow in on more relevant results. This feature is available by clicking on the hamburger menu in the upper left and selecting the "Avant-garde search" card particular.
Google Scholar advanced search interface.
The fields are fairly self-explanatory. This advanced search depicted higher up, for example, would results in manufactures or book titles published betwixt 1990 and 2000 which include the words dinosaur, fossils and devonian but exercise not include the phrase "United states" anywhere in the title or text (if available) of the search result.
Customizing search preferences and options
Adjusting the Google Scholar settings is non necessary for getting expert results but offers some additional customization, including the ability to enable the higher up-mentioned library integrations. The settings bill of fare is found in the hamburger menu located in the pinnacle left of the Google Scholar page. The settings are divided into five sections:
Search Results - this section has the most common controls, including:
Collections to search - by default Google scholar searches articles and includes patents, merely this default can exist changed here if you are non interested in patents or if you lot wish to oft search case constabulary instead.
Bibliographic manager - if you are using an bookish reference manager other than Paperpile, you lot can enable the export of the relevant commendation information format via the "Bibliography manager" subsection. The available options are BibTex (for Latex editors), EndNote (for EndNote), RefMan (for RefMan, Zotero, and Mendeley, amongst other), and RefWorks.
Languages - If y'all wish for results to render only articles written in a specific subset of languages, you lot can define that here.
Library links - As noted, Google Scholar allows you to get the Full Text of articles through your institution's subscriptions - where bachelor. Search for and add your institution(s) here to have the relevant link included in your search results.
Push - The Scholar Push button is a Chrome extension which add together a dropdown search box to your toolbar - allowing you to search Google Scholar from whatsoever website. Moreover, if y'all accept any text selected on the page then click the push button it will brandish results from a search on those words when clicked.
Utilise the "My library" characteristic to bookmark articles you desire to read afterwards
When signed in, Google Scholar adds some simple tools for keeping track of and organizing the manufactures yous find. These can be useful if you are non using a full academic reference manager.
All the search results include a "salvage" push at the end of the bottom row of links, clicking this will add information technology to your "My Library".
To help you provide some structure, you can create and apply labels to the items in your library. Appended labels will appear at the end of the commodity titles. For example, the following article has been assigned a "RNA" label:
A Google Scholar My Library entry with a characterization termed RNA.
Within your Google Scholar library, you lot can also edit the metadata associated with titles. This volition oft be necessary every bit Google Scholar citation data is often faulty.
The scope and limitations of Google Scholar
In that location is no official statement about how big the Scholar search index is, but unofficial estimates are in the range of nigh 160 millions, and information technology is supposed to continue to abound by several millions each year. Nevertheless, Google Scholar does not return all resources that you may go far search at you local library catalog. For example, a library database could return podcasts, videos, articles, statistics, or special collections. For now, Google Scholar has just the post-obit publication types:
Journal articles: manufactures published in journals. It's a mixture of articles from peer reviewed journals, predatory journals and pre-print archives.
Books: Links to the Google limited version of the text, when possible.
Book capacity: Chapters inside a volume, sometimes they are also electronically bachelor.
Volume reviews: Reviews of books, but it is not always credible that information technology is a review from the search result.
Conference proceedings:- Papers written as function of a conference, typically used as role of presentation at the conference.
Court opinions
Patents: Google Scholar only searches patents if the option is selected in the search settings described in a higher place.
The information in Google Scholar is not cataloged by professionals. The quality of metadata will depend heavily on the source that Google Scholar is pulling the information from. This is a much unlike procedure to how information is collected and indexed in scholarly databases such as Scopus or Web of Science.
A brief history of Google Scholar
The primal inventor behind Google Scholar is Anurag Acharya, who has been on the Google Scholar Team since it was released back in 2004. Check out this slice in WIRED for the whole background story. Here is a cursory timeline of the updates that happened since then:
June 2010: Google Scholar Alerts was launched
November 2011: Google Scholar Citations was launched
April 2012: Google Scholar [Metrics are released for the first fourth dimension
May 2012: complete overhaul of the Google Scholar interface
October 2012: the cite characteristic was introduced and allows to fetch a MLA, APA or Chicago citation of an article
November 2013: Google Scholar Library is released which allows users to save articles found in Google Scholar to a personal library
June 2016: query suggestions like we know them from regular Google searches are now too available in Google Scholar
August 2016: ability to add together labels to manufactures stored in a user's personal Google Scholar library
September 2017: redesign of the Google Scholar results page
March 2018: improved feel for mobile phones
August 2018: 2018 Scholar Metrics released
If you desire to dig deeper so take a look at the official Google Scholar Web log.
Alternatives to Google Scholar
Google Scholar is by far the near frequently used bookish search engine, but information technology is not the only one. At that place is Microsoft Academic which subsequently its relaunch in 2015 seems to exist the closest competitor. The new child on the cake is Semantic Scholar adult by the non-profit Allen Plant for Artificial Intelligence. Information technology's currently corpus consists of virtually twoscore million citations in figurer.
State specific Google Scholar editions
scholar.google.fr: Sur les épaules d'un géant
scholar.google.es (Google Académico): A hombros de gigantes
scholar.google.pt (Google Académico): Sobre os ombros de gigantes
scholar.google.de: Auf den Schultern von Riesen
Frequently Asked Questions virtually Google Scholar
Tin can Google Scholar be described as a bibliographic database?
No. Google Scholar is a bibliographic search engine rather than a bibliographic database. In order to qualify as a database Google Scholar would need to have stable identifiers for its records, and make certain that no records will be removed.
Is Google Scholar a scholarly source?
No. Google Scholar is an bookish search engine, simply the records found in Google Scholar are scholarly sources.
Does Google scholar compile peer-reviewed sources only?
No. Google Scholar collects research papers from all over the web besides including grey literature and not-peer reviewed papers and reports.
Do I have to pay to use Google Scholar?
Google Scholar does not provide any full text content itself, but links to the total text commodity on the publisher page, which tin can either exist open access or paywalled content. Google Scholar, however, tries to provide links to free versions of the commodity e.g. on institutional repositories if possible.
What is the easiest way to access Google Scholar?
The asiest mode to access Google scholar is by using The Google Scholar Push button. This is a browser extension that allows y'all hands access Google Scholar from whatever spider web page. Yous tin install it from the Chrome Webstore.
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